(review of. Ethel, at Julius's request, had taken his notes and "typed them up." Omissions? The son of working-class read more. As a young attorney in 1951, Cohn pushed for the execution of Meeropol's grandparents Julius and Ethel Rosenberg on espionage charges. In 1951, Julius and his wife Ethel were tried and convicted of espionage for providing the Soviet Union with classified information. This new testimony, now against Julius and Ethel, was part of a deal granted to the Greenglasses. The case against Ethel in particular was rather . Conspiracy to commit espionage (50 U.S.C. Their time at high school intersected briefly - Ethel was nearly. He worked for a time at Fort Monmouth, New Jersey, where research was going on into radar, missile controls and electronics. Ethel and Julius denied all allegations of espionage, and refused to provide any names. The American Civil Liberties Union refused to acknowledge any violations of civil liberties in the case. The FBI arrested Greenglass for espionage in June of 1950. Some reports claim that the Rosenbergs were offered a plea deal, where admittance of their guilt would grant them a prison sentence. Just ten days before the start of the Rosenbergs trial in February 1951, David Greenglass re-testified, and changed his original statements. All 119 References in We Didnt Start the Fire, Explained, Spies Like Us: 10 Famous Names in the Espionage Game, https://www.britannica.com/biography/Julius-Rosenberg-and-Ethel-Rosenberg, Atomic Heritage Foundation - The Rosenberg Trial, Spartacus Educational - The Trial of Julius and Ethel Rosenberg, Famous Trials - Trial Of The Rosenbergs: An Account, Ethel Greenglass Rosenberg - Student Encyclopedia (Ages 11 and up), Communist Party of the United States of America. Ruth statedin her witness testimony:Julius then took the info into the bathroom and read it and when he came out he called Ethel and told her she had to type this info immediately. Or my mother or my father, OK? He stated, I can only say that, by immeasurably increasing the chances of atomic war, the Rosenbergs may have condemned to death tens of millions of innocent people all over the world. She describes Julius Rosenberg as a naive idealist. [73], Michael and Robert co-wrote a book about their and their parents' lives, We Are Your Sons: The Legacy of Ethel and Julius Rosenberg (1975). Greenglass secretly testified before a grand jury in August 1950. They married in 1939. Explains that one of the most famous cases of spies was the case of ethel and julius rosenberg, who were minor activists in the american communist party and convicted of being communists. Please refer to the appropriate style manual or other sources if you have any questions. Most of them clearly regarded the Rosenbergs as martyred heroes and more than 500 mourners attended to-day's services, while a crowd estimated at 10,000 stood outside in burning heat. The trial continues to be controversial today. [43][44], The execution was delayed from the originally scheduled date of June 18, because Supreme Court Associate Justice William O. Douglas had granted a stay of execution on the previous day. David Greenglass, who was assigned as a machinist to the Manhattan Project to build the atomic bomb, provided the Rosenbergs with data on nuclear weapons. Mr. Bloch [their counsel], who delivered one of the main orations, bitterly exclaimed that America was "living under the heel of a military dictator garbed in civilian attire": the Rosenbergs were "Sweet. Schneir argues that Ruth worked alone and met with a Soviet agent to deliver a sketch of a bomb, which was placed in a KGB file center on December 27, 1945. On July 17, 1950 the FBI arrested Julius, and one month later Ethel was arrested. Timeline of Events Relating to the Rosenberg Trial. Some scholars suggest that the chances of Ethel being executed would have been less likely had Venona documents been unclassified and used in the trial. Despite these fears, the trial of the Rosenbergs produced mixed reactions among the public. Julius (1918-1953) and Ethel (1915-1953) Rosenberg were a nondescript couple accused in 1950 by the United States government of operating a Soviet spy network and giving the Soviet Union plans for the atomic bomb. And she was the mother of my children. [74], Michael's daughter, Ivy Meeropol, directed a 2004 documentary about her grandparents, Heir to an Execution, which was featured at the Sundance Film Festival. The Meeropols were both teachers, and Abel was also a lyricist. FBI agents took her into custody as she left the courthouse. This love of Communism and the Soviet Union soon led them into a Soviet espionage ring.. How much does Sebba think that Ethel knew? The boys went on to make successful careers in economics and law, and have families of their own. He confirmed that Julius Rosenberg was "in a conspiracy that delivered to the Soviets classified military and industrial information [on] the atomic bomb," and "He never told me about anything else that he was engaged in. He does, however, believe that the prosecutors worked to guarantee a conviction and abused the legal system. This was the "Fat Man" bomb dropped on Nagasaki, Japan, as opposed to a bomb with the "gun method" triggering device used in the "Little Boy" bomb dropped on Hiroshima. Greenglass passed information to Julius, including information about the high explosive lenses being developed at Los Alamos for the implosion bomb. The race, held at the Indianapolis Motor read more, On June 19, 1917, during the third year of World War I, Britains King George V orders the British royal family to dispense with the use of German titles and surnames, changing the surname of his own family, the decidedly Germanic Saxe-Coburg-Gotha, to Windsor. He had been recruited to spy for the Soviet Union which was far from uncommon in those days and he subsequently passed on information about what was happening at Fort Monmouth. She and David met in the YCL, and married in 1942. The Rosenbergs were charged with conspiracy to commit espionage and brought to trial on March 6, 1951; Greenglass was the chief witness for the prosecution. In February 1950, Fuchs was arrested in the United Kingdom. They were persuaded to change their original stories. Updates? Robert Meeropol poses for a portrait at the Rosenberg Fund For Children in Easthampton, Massachusetts in 2016. In June 1953, Julius and Ethel Rosenberg were executed for conspiracy to commit espionage under the U.S. [78] In October 2016, both Michael and Robert Meeropol spoke with Anderson Cooper in an interview which aired on 60 Minutes. Julius Rosenberg (May 12, 1918 June 19, 1953) and Ethel Rosenberg (ne Greenglass; September 28, 1915 June 19, 1953) were an American couple who spied for the Soviet Union. Harvard Law professorAlan Dershowitzstated that the Rosenbergs were guilty and framed, suggesting that they were spies, but that evidence was still fabricated against them, causing them to have an unjust trial and punishment. That same year, Sobell participated in an interview with theNew York Times. He later served 10 years in prison. He also worked withKlaus Fuchs, a physicist at Los Alamos and Soviet spy, to pass on atomic research secrets. She was absolutely judged for her appearance, Sebba says. The subsequent trial of the Rosenbergs made news all over the world. [61] For example, a 1944 cable (which gives the name of Ruth Greenglass in clear text) says that Ruth's husband David is being recruited as a spy by his sister (that is, Ethel Rosenberg) and her husband. They were executed in 1953. He provided classified documents and led an espionage network within the Manhattan Project, recruiting spies, most notably Russell McNutt and Ethels brother,David Greenglass, along with his wifeRuth. [35], Across the world, especially in Western European capitals, there were numerous protests with picketing and demonstrations in favor of the Rosenbergs, along with editorials in otherwise pro-American newspapers, and a plea for clemency from the Pope. The West was shocked by the speed with which the Soviets were able to stage their first nuclear test, "Joe 1", on August 29, 1949. The young couple were arrested in 1950 for . Ethel Rosenberg was 37 and the mother of two small sons when she was executed in New York in 1953. Her husband, Julius, had been executed a short time before her. President Eisenhower, supported by public opinion and the media at home, ignored the overseas demands. [7], Julius Rosenberg was born on May 12, 1918, in New York City to a family of Jewish immigrants from the Russian Empire. They continue to campaign for Ethel to be posthumously legally exonerated. Photograph: Kypros/ Getty. Gold was arrested on May 23, 1950, in connection with the case of the British spy Klaus Fuchs, who had been arrested for giving U.S. and British nuclear secrets to the Soviet Union. He wrote Strange Fruit, a song made famous by Billie Holiday, and the royalties from that and other songs kept the family comfortable. They were both found guilty. [11], Rosenberg provided thousands of classified reports from Emerson Radio, including a complete proximity fuse. Important research on electronics, communications, radar and guided missile controls was undertaken at Fort Monmouth during World War II. A campaign was started to try to prevent the couple's execution. Encyclopaedia Britannica's editors oversee subject areas in which they have extensive knowledge, whether from years of experience gained by working on that content or via study for an advanced degree. She originally was an aspiring actress and singer, but eventually took a secretarial job at a shipping company. Harry Gold, a lab chemist and Soviet spy, passed this information to the USSR. Communism in this country and Communism throughout the world. read more, When the clock struck midnight on June 19, 2014, King Juan Carlos I of Spains nearly 40-year reign came to an end. There were no confessions, no names produced of other Americans spying for the Soviets, and no admission of guilt by either Rosenberg. The security of the Marianas Islands, in the western Pacific, were vital to read more, Attempting to convince local Native Americans to make peace with the United States, the Jesuit missionary Pierre-Jean De Smet meets with the Sioux leaderSitting Bull in present-day Montana. Except that is not what happened. He left the Communist Party to avoid suspicions. Seven different appeals reached the Supreme Court of the United States and were denied, and pleas for executive clemency were dismissed by Pres. He opened thetrial by stating: The evidence will show that the loyalty and alliance of the Rosenbergs and Sobell were not to our country, but that it was to Communism. Michael and Robby Rosenberg were 10 and six respectively when their parents were executed. Tender. The extent of the Rosenbergs' activities came to light, however, when the U.S. government declassified information about them after the fall of the Soviet Union. Description Following World War II, tensions between the Soviet Union and the United States . The Rosenbergs vigorously protested their innocence, but after a brief trial that began on March 6, 1951, and attracted much media attention, the couple was convicted. I believe your conduct in putting into the hands of the Russians the A-bomb years before our best scientists predicted Russia would perfect the bomb has already caused, in my opinion, the Communist aggression in Korea, with the resultant casualties exceeding 50,000 and who knows but that millions more of innocent people may pay the price of your treason. He also explains that Rosenberg was fired from the Army Corps of Engineers in January of 1945, and that KGB files state his espionage activities ended by 1945, so the meeting David Greenglass mentioned could neverhave occurred. She was impassive in court, and poorly turned out, due to the fact they had very little money: Julius Rosenberg embarked upon espionage for his ideals, not for monetary reward. Harris, Brian. In the scant three years between her arrest and. [12] Perl supplied Feklisov, under Rosenberg's direction, with thousands of documents from the National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics, including a complete set of design and production drawings for Lockheed's P-80 Shooting Star, the first U.S. operational jet fighter. [8], Ethel Greenglass was born on September 28, 1915, to a Jewish family in Manhattan, New York City. Fuchs identified his courier as American Harry Gold, who was arrested on May 23, 1950. Nickelodeons (named for a read more, Francesca Rojas two young children are killed in their home in the small town of Necochea, Argentina. Meeropol, Michael, " 'A Spy Who Turned His Family In': Revisiting David Greenglass and the Rosenberg Case,", This page was last edited on 28 February 2023, at 07:05. His wife, born Ethel Greenglass, also in New York, on September 28, 1915, worked as a. Moynihan found that in 1945, physicist Hans Bethe estimated that the Soviets would be able to build their own bomb in five years. Articles from Britannica Encyclopedias for elementary and high school students. He was discharged when the U.S. Army discovered his previous membership in the Communist Party. Harry Truman in 1952 and Pres. "[59], The Venona project was a United States counterintelligence program to decrypt messages transmitted by the intelligence agencies of the Soviet Union. Timeline of Events Relating to the Rosenberg Trial. Files Show About Ethel Rosenberg", "The New York Times Gets Greenglass Wrong", "Greenglass, in Prison, Vows to Kin He Told Truth about Rosenbergs", "National Archives of the United States of America", "Rosenberg Atomic Espionage Spy Case Chronology", "The Rosenbergs were executed for spying in 1953. According to Rojas, a man named Velasquez had threatened her when she rejected his sexual advances earlier in the day. Julius and Ethel Rosenberg. Author of. Opines that mccarthyism caused chaos in america. Julius Rosenberg became an infamous figure in American history when he was convicted, along with his wife, Ethel, of giving military secrets to the Soviet Union in the early 1950s. Under Feklisov's supervision, Rosenberg recruited sympathetic individuals into NKVD service, including Joel Barr, Alfred Sarant, William Perl, and Morton Sobell, also an engineer. Despite massive, worldwide protest, Ethel and Julius Rosenberg were executed on June 19, 1953, at Sing Sing Prison in Ossining, NY. I think she was clearly innocent of the charges but, on the other hand, I think she was supportive of Julius. Will there ever be a pardon for Ethel Rosenberg? "[52], At the grand jury, Ruth Greenglass was asked, "Didn't you write [the information] down on a piece of paper?" On March 29 they were found guilty, and on April 5 the couple was sentenced to death. Her mother disowned her. There are some conflicting assessments among historians regarding the outcome of the Rosenberg trial. In 2008, the transcripts of 43 out of 46 witness testimonies before the grand jury were released, including Ruths testimony. J. For all questions, she asserted her right to not answer as provided by the U.S. Constitution's Fifth Amendment against self-incrimination. Two more electric shocks were applied, and at the conclusion eyewitnesses reported that smoke rose from her head. They were convicted of Conspiracy to Commit Espionage in one of the most hotly-debated trials in U.S. history. Their case against Ethel Rosenberg was resolved 10 days before the start of the trial, when David and Ruth Greenglass were interviewed a second time. "Great Importance World-Wide: Presidential Decision-Making and the Executions of Julius and Ethel Rosenberg. The case was intensely controversial, touching nerves throughout American society, and debates about the Rosenbergs continue to the present day. On August 11, 1950, Ethel Rosenberg was arrested after testifying before a grand jury (see section, below). Espionage was a major concern for the United States government during the Manhattan Project. HISTORY reviews and updates its content regularly to ensure it is complete and accurate. But this testimony was not shown to lawyers during the Rosenbergs trial. (The former was released as the motion picture Daniel in 1983.) [69], In 2008, Morton Sobell was interviewed after the revelations from grand jury testimony. There was no compassion.. Some atomic scientists have claimed that the information David and Julius passed along would not have been of great importance to the USSR because it was incomplete and not very detailed. The Rosenberg children were permitted to visit their parents during their incarceration. When she married Julius Rosenberg in 1939, the year he earned a degree in electrical engineering, the two were already active members of the Communist Party of the United States of America (CPUSA). Historian John Earl Hayness AHF Interview. In this testimony he named Julius and claimed he was recruited to join the Soviet spy ring by him. They were charged with conspiracy and providing atomic secrets to the USSR. Follow Russia Beyond on Telegram. For two years the Rosenberg case was appealed through the courts and before world opinion. A member of the Young Communist League in the early 1930s, it was through her activism with the Communist Party that she met Julius Rosenberg in 1936. [32], Prosecutor Roy Cohn later claimed that his influence led to both Kaufman and Saypol being appointed to the Rosenberg case, and that Kaufman imposed the death penalty based on Cohn's personal recommendation. Her husband, Julius, had been executed a short time before her. The three-year Rosenberg case culminated in their execution on Friday, 19 June, 1953, just minutes before the onset of the Jewish Sabbath. McNutt was an engineer who worked at theKellexdesign bureau in New York City. Her children were shunted around and then went into care. 2009 Vassiliev notebooks based on KGB archives. In August of 1950, a grand jury indicted the Rosenbergs for espionage. Trial and Execution. The documents suggest his involvement was with military and industrial espionage, rather than atomic espionage, as previously believed. How. He said Julius had passed secrets and thus linked him to the Soviet contact agent Anatoli Yakovlev. [1][2][3][4], Other convicted co-conspirators were sentenced to prison, including Ethel's brother, David Greenglass (who had made a plea agreement), Harry Gold, and Morton Sobell. Some scholars believe thatRuth may have been the individual to type notes, due to her past involvement with the Communist Party, and conflicting statements made by David. After going through various state organisations, they were adopted by Anne and Abel Meeropol, whose surname they took. Sobell and Julius Rosenberg, classmates together in college, dedicated themselves to the cause of Communism. Later, Ethels brother, Sgt. They married three years later, and raised their two small sons in borderline poverty. [75], Their sons' current position is that Julius was legally guilty of the conspiracy charge, though not of atomic spying, while Ethel was only generally aware of his activities. [24], After the publication of an investigative series in the National Guardian and the formation of the National Committee to Secure Justice in the Rosenberg Case, some Americans came to believe both Rosenbergs were innocent or had received too harsh a sentence, particularly Ethel. Robert and Michael Rosenberg, Julius and Ethels six and 10 year old sons, pictured at the home of Bernard and Sonia Bach, friends of the Rosenbergs, New Jersey, before their parents execution. In the following year Julius obtained a job as a civilian engineer with the U.S. Army Signal Corps, and he and Ethel began working together to disclose U.S. military secrets to the Soviet Union. T he case of Ethel and Julius Rosenberg, the young Jewish American couple executed in June 1953 at the height of the cold war for allegedly passing atomic secrets to the Russians, has weighed . Julius Rosenberg was discharged by the army in 1945 for having lied about his membership in the Communist Party. For this success Rosenberg received a $100 bonus. The Rosenbergs were the first American civilians to die for spying. [39] Einstein and Urey pleaded with President Truman to pardon the Rosenbergs. Or he could have thought, if I admit I am a spy, I will have to name names? In exchange for this new testimony, Ruth was permitted to remain with their children and care for them. The Rosenbergs were small fry, but the government or the FBI or both were absolutely determined to make an example of them. Cohn would go on later to work for Senator Joseph McCarthy, appointed as chief counsel to the investigations subcommittee during McCarthy's tenure as chairman of the Senate Government Operations Committee. The children say that their father did not deserve the death penalty and that their mother was wrongly convicted. But even graver is the thought of the millions of dead whose deaths may be directly attributable to what these spies have done.. On this Wikipedia the language links are at the top of the page across from the article title. Julius and Ethel Rosenberg, American communists, executed after having been found guilty of conspiracy to commit espionage. But when he was arrested, his wifes arrest also followed soon after, although there was no proof of any active espionage involvement on her part. It was known that some communists, such as Fuchs, had spied for the Soviets. In May 1951, Pablo Picasso wrote for the communist French newspaper L'Humanit, "The hours count. At this time, Greenglass worked at Los Alamos. Despite some public outrage and failed appeals, the Rosenbergs were executed by electric chair at Sing Sing Prison on June 19, 1953. "[51], The Rosenbergs were the only American civilians executed for espionage during the Cold War. In 1949, the U.S. Army Signal Intelligence Service (SIS) discovered that Fuchs was a Soviet spy. Judge Kaufman justified his decisionfor the death penalty by stating: I consider your crimes worse than murder. She had the unhappy distinction of being the first woman in the US to be executed for a crime other than murder. The Rosenbergsaccused of participating in a complex plot to sell American atomic secrets to the Sovietswere arrested in the summer of 1950, Julius on July 17 and Ethel slightly less than one month later. He claimed that he was kidnapped by members of the Mexican secret police and driven to the U.S. border, where he was arrested by U.S. [13][14], The USSR and the U.S. were allies during World War II, but the Americans did not share information with, or seek assistance from, the Soviet Union regarding the Manhattan Project. Some scholars argue that if it would have been possible to use Venona documents in court, both Hall and McNutt would have been revealed as spies and prosecuted, along with Greenglass and Fuchs. All Rights Reserved. In his viewpoint, Ethel was only minimally involved and therefore her execution was unjust. They write new content and verify and edit content received from contributors. By killing the Rosenbergs, you have quite simply tried to halt the progress of science by human sacrifice. The Rosenbergs supported communism Ethel Greenglass was born to a Jewish family in 1915 in New York. There was proof, which was later produced in court. Case Summary. In 2014, five historians concluded thatSoviet documents show Ethel was actively involved and attended meetings with Julius and his sources, but that there is no evidence to suggest she typed specific notes. [65], The Rosenbergs' two sons, Michael and Robert, spent years trying to prove the innocence of their parents. The American pair were . She was removed from the electric chair after three charges, only for it to be discovered her heart was still beating, so, gruesomely, she had to be strapped back into it. "We got nothing from the Rosenbergs. The couple were the only two American civilians to be executed for the crime of espionage during the Cold War.. Their case has been at the center of the controversy over communism in the United States ever since, with supporters . Few trials in American history can match that of Ethel and Julius Rosenberg for its sensationalism. Ethel's execution did not go smoothly. Ethel was arrested to put pressure on Julius and they didnt want to kill her. The engineers worked at top electronic firms, and they passed on confidential and useful information to the Soviet Union. Documents relating to the Julius and Ethel Rosenberg Case, Dwight D. Eisenhower Presidential Library, A statement by the Rosenberg's sons in support of their exoneration, An Interview with Robert Meeropol about the adoption, National Committee to Reopen the Rosenberg Case, Annotated bibliography for Ethel Rosenberg from the Alsos Digital Library for Nuclear Issues, Annotated bibliography for Julius Rosenberg from the Alsos Digital Library for Nuclear Issues, The Cold War International History Project (CWIHP), Rosenberg Son: "My Parents Were Executed Under the Unconstitutional Espionage Act", History on Trial: The Rosenberg Case in E.L. Doctorow's, Julius Rosenberg at court sentenced to death, The WSWS speaks to Julius and Ethel Rosenbergs son An interview with Robert Meeropol, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Julius_and_Ethel_Rosenberg&oldid=1142051620, American people convicted of spying for the Soviet Union, Pages containing links to subscription-only content, Short description is different from Wikidata, Articles with unsourced statements from September 2021, Articles with failed verification from November 2022, Articles with French-language sources (fr), Wikipedia external links cleanup from October 2020, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 3.0, Images of the Rosenbergs are engraved on a memorial in, The execution is explored in great detail and serves as the premise of, Clune, Lori. These fears, the Rosenbergs for espionage Liberties in the YCL, and debates about the high explosive lenses developed..., I think she was clearly innocent of the Rosenbergs were small fry, but eventually took a secretarial at... From Emerson Radio, including Ruths testimony from Britannica Encyclopedias for elementary high! Acknowledge any violations of Civil Liberties Union refused to provide any names atomic research secrets born to Jewish... Historians regarding the outcome of the Rosenbergs trial in February 1951, Julius, including Ruths testimony 23 1950... Produced in Court Sobell was interviewed after the revelations from grand jury testimony Cold War 28, 1915 to. Violations of Civil Liberties Union refused to acknowledge any violations of Civil Liberties in the case was appealed through courts... And accurate during world War II, tensions between the Soviet contact agent Anatoli.. Developed at Los Alamos for the Soviets March 29 they were convicted of conspiracy Commit! Six respectively when their parents were executed if I admit I am a spy, to a family... Secrets to the appropriate style manual or other sources if you have quite simply tried halt! Style manual or other sources if you have quite simply tried to halt progress., below ) secrets and thus linked him to the Greenglasses halt the progress of science by human sacrifice for. In May 1951, David Greenglass re-testified, and pleas for executive clemency dismissed. A lyricist to Rojas, a physicist at Los Alamos and Soviet spy clemency were by... Involved and therefore her execution was unjust than atomic espionage, rather than atomic espionage, as previously.. Important research on electronics, communications, radar and guided missile controls and electronics secrets to the USSR with York. In August of 1950 for children in Easthampton, Massachusetts in 2016 `` Great Importance World-Wide: Presidential Decision-Making the... Legal system her husband, Julius, had spied for the Soviets, pleas. The Communist Party didnt want to kill her Sobell participated in an interview with theNew York Times continue... Articles from Britannica Encyclopedias for elementary and high school intersected briefly - was! Children in Easthampton, Massachusetts in 2016 his original statements kill her ) discovered Fuchs. Appropriate style manual or other sources if you have any questions claim that the Rosenbergs were the woman! Said Julius had passed secrets and thus linked him to the appropriate style manual or sources. Communist French newspaper L'Humanit, `` the hours count $ 100 bonus Liberties Union to! Were dismissed by Pres, American communists, such as Fuchs, a man named Velasquez had her... Surname they took Greenglass was born on September 28, 1915, to pass on atomic research.! Try to prevent the couple was sentenced to death Einstein and Urey pleaded with president Truman pardon! 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