Although some research supports the idea that societies with matrilocal residence are more tolerant of divorce (Minturn, Grosse, and Haider 1969), other research does not find the relationship particularly strong when other factors are controlled (Ackerman 1963; Pearson and Hendrix 1979). About 75% of societies known to anthropology involve at least one explicit and substantial transaction related to marriage, and most societies have more than one transaction (Schlegel and Eloul 1988; Huber, Danaher, and Breedlove 2011b). Complex societies tend to ave specialized or standing armies which means that male mortality in war may only be high among men in the armed forces (M. Ember, Ember, and Low 2007). The origins of exogamy are uncertain, but it is thought to have arisen independently in different parts of the world. Ackerman (1963) finds that. Here are some other ways that exogamy and endogamy compare: It is clear to see that exogamy and endogamy are opposites in almost every way. According to coded data by Frayser (1985) from a subset of the Standard Cross Cultural Sample, approximately 65% of cultures worldwide have a moderate or elaborate celebration of marriage, while the other 35% have either a small ceremony or no ceremony at all. Endogamous marriage is that which is controlled by the some group. While there is considerable research on the type of marriage and the conditions associated with it, aside from some research on aloofness/intimacy there is relatively little known about the quality of the marital relationship. Exogamy is the practice of marrying someone from outside one's own community. copyright 2003-2023 Study.com. 2016. 2004. All societies have at least one rule about whom one cannot marry, namely, the prohibition on marriage to brothers or sisters or parents (the incest taboo). A socially approved sexual and economic union, presumed to be more or less permanent, entailing rights and obligations between the married couple and any children they might have. bridewealth There are three main types of exogamy: Endogamy, the practice of marrying within one's group, is the opposite of exogamy. 1980. As part of defensive masculinity, women are often derogated. The globalization of society has had a profound effect on the practice of exogamy. Homans, George C., and David M. Schneider. more alloparental care (childcare provided by someone who is not a parent) (Quinlan and Quinlan 2007). crime Pearson, Willie, Jr., and Lewellyn Hendrix. And anthropologists usually reserve the term extended family household to indicate that the members form a social and productive unit. economy Exogamy Our next governing rule of marriage is exogamy. 6 main causes of divorce: 1) Rise of individualism. An example is the recessive alpha-thalessemia allele which helps individuals escape the more serious effects of malaria. The Selknam, on the Life and Thought of a Hunting People of the Great Island of Tierra Del Fuego., Sexual Division of Labor and Cross-Cultural Research., Factors Influencing the Allowance of Cousin Marriages in the Standard Cross Cultural Sample., Marriage, Authority, and Final Causes: A Study of Unilateral Cross-Cousin Marriage., Explaining Monogamy and Polygyny Among Foragers and Horticulturalists., Material Resource Investments at Marriage: Evolutionary, Social, and Ecological Perspectives., New Cross-Cultural Perspectives on Marriage Transactions., The Economics of Misbehavior, Love and Marriage Contract Enforcement., D-PLACE: A Global Database of Cultural, Linguistic and Environmental Diversity. Its like a teacher waved a magic wand and did the work for me. In exogamous marriages, the partner is found outside of the group, while in endogamous marriage, the partner is found within the same social or cultural group. As we have discussed, most societies forbid any cousin marriage, but a great deal of anthropological theorizing involves explanations of the different types of allowed, preferred, or prescribed cousin marriage (Levi-Strauss 1949; Homans and Schneider 1962; Leach 1951; see discussion in Berting and Philipsen 1960). The two main transfers of goods and services to the brides family are bride service and bride price. A strict taboo on premarital sex for women (Kitahara 1974). 2007. Kenya Since pathogen stress is higher in tropical regions (Low 1990), this result may partially explain why polygyny is higher in such regions. Increase in lineage as family names can be transferred from smaller to larger clans. To unlock this lesson you must be a Study.com Member. Societies with the highest degree of social stratification have less polygyny (Minocher, Duda, and Jaeggi 2019), which is contrary to the idea that male inequality generally will favor polygyny. Burton, Michael L., and Karl Reitz. Confinement of womens reproductive potential to one man (Frayser 1985). (Matrilocal residence can more readily accommodate polygyny if it is sororal because sisters grow up in the same household.). Some of these are: Exogamous marriage is marriage between people from different groups, such as racial or religious groups. 2016. In other words, exogamy helps to keep the gene pool fresh. Nimkoff, M. F., and Russell Middleton. The Guarani of South America practice trial marriage, in which official marriage processes are deferred until after the potential groom proves his suitability for marriage. Marriage is commonly defined as a socially approved sexual and economic union, presumed to be more or less permanent, and entails rights and obligations between the married couple and any children they might have (C. R. Ember, Ember, and Peregrine 2019). pattern of marital residence in which couples typically live with or near the husbands parents. In fact, youre probably more likely to hear it in an anthropology class than anywhere else. Children in the Inuit communities are seen as members of their mother's totem for the purposes of exogamy. Keywords: Adat sanctions, exogamy, marriage, Tenganan, Bali. It is a common practice in many societies around the world, and has been for centuries. 1962. Many cultures have practiced exogamous marriage practices over the years. Omissions? Finally, another reason for exogamy arose out of a need to access resources that were unavailable within ones own group. And families can range from very small independent units to very large multi-generation families and households. A type of polygyny in which a man is married to two or more women, specifically sisters. Very different types of structural factors may be related to divorce rate. That marriage in which all the blood relatives and members of the same kinship are prohibited to marry one another. Australian Aboriginal people live in family or kin groups. 1969. The minority of societies have independent family households. A greater importance placed on inheritable property (Rosenblatt and Unangst 1974). Such transactions, such as bride price or dowry, reflect higher involvement in the establishment of a marriage. Gaulin, Steven J. C., and James S. Boster. The theory is that when local opportunities for marriage are scarce due to small size, exogamy would be more adaptive. Moreover, exogamy has been associated with enhanced open communication which ultimately leads to greater mutual understanding and harmony between individuals. In fact, there are relatively few societies that do not allow divorce for any reason (Betzig 1989; Minturn, Grosse, and Haider 1969). Pasternak, Burton, Carol R. Ember, and Melvin Ember. In social science, exogamy is viewed as a combination of two related aspects: biological and cultural. religion However, there are also logical flaws to this argument. Marriage outside this group is exogamy. my ek-sg--m plural exogamies 1 : marriage outside of a specific group especially as required by custom or law 2 : sexual reproduction between individuals (as of a particular species) that are not closely related exogamous ek-sg--ms adjective or exogamic ek-s-gam-ik More from Merriam-Webster on exogamy Ancient Rome Jankowiak, William, Monika Sudakov, and Benjamin C. Wilreker. Nimkoff and Middleton (1960) assume that more stable and abundant food supplies are necessary for the support of extended family households living in one place. Biological exogamy is marriage of nonblood-related beings, regulated by forms of incest law. The group defines the scope and extent of exogamy, and the rules and enforcement mechanisms that ensure its continuity. What is exogamy? Create your account. However, in the modern world, people are increasingly mobile and interconnected. 2003. Why? matrilocal Another example of exogamous marriage practice can be seen in Australia's first people. At the other extreme, there are societies that not only tolerate first cousin marriage, but actively try to promote marriage to a cousin, usually a particular type of cousin. Why? Additionally, as humans began to rely more on hunting, baby-tending and subsistence became increasingly incompatible. For example, an incompatible activity arises if a mother needs to work on her agricultural fields for much of the day, but her children need to be cared for at home. 1979. The long dependency of a child is essentially the same problem as division of labor because having a young child makes it difficult for a mother to do all the needed subsistence work, particularly dangerous work such as hunting. In addition to blood relatives, marriage to members of a specific totem, clan (s) or other group (s) may be forbidden. Interethnic marriage: a marriage between two people of different ethnicities. Bilateral Descent: Definition & Variations, Incest, Endogamy & Exogamy: Definition & Examples, Bride Price, Dowry & Other Economic Marriage Customs, Plural Marriage vs. Monogamy: Definition & Types, Social Status: Caste vs. Class and Social Stratification, Family of Procreation: Definition & Example, Family of Orientation: Definition & Example, Interracial Marriage: Definition, History & Laws, Studying Political Organization in Anthropology: Help and Review, Studying Religion in Anthropology: Help and Review, Applications of Anthropology: Help and Review, ILTS School Counselor (235): Test Practice and Study Guide, Praxis Environmental Education (0831) Prep, Praxis Social Studies: Content Knowledge (5081) Prep, Praxis Business Education: Content Knowledge (5101) Prep, DSST Human Cultural Geography: Study Guide & Test Prep, Foundations of Education: Certificate Program, Praxis English Language Arts - Content & Analysis (5039): Practice & Study Guide, NY Regents Exam - US History and Government: Test Prep & Practice, NY Regents Exam - Global History and Geography: Tutoring Solution, ILTS Social Science - Sociology and Anthropology (249): Test Practice and Study Guide, FTCE School Psychologist PK-12 (036) Prep, How School Counselors Can Help Students Maintain Healthy Family Relationships, Strategies for Counseling Students on Sexual Abuse, Disaster Management: Dealing with an Environmental Crisis, Miller v. California in 1973: Summary & Decision, American Civil Liberties Union (ACLU): History, Mission & Lawsuits, Democratic-Republican Party: Definition & History, What is the Tea Party Movement? Bondarenko, Dmitri M., and Andrey V. Korotayev. Manage Settings Higher pathogen load predicts a higher likelihood of nonsororal polygyny (Low 1990), but not sororal polygyny (M. Ember, Ember, and Low 2007). The following findings support pathogen theory: Higher pathogen load predicts polygyny (Low 1990; Hooper 2006; Barber 2008; Minocher, Duda, and Jaeggi 2019). Munck, Victor de, and Jennifer McGreevey. Extended family households range from small two-unit families, to large families with 3-4 generations of related individuals. [2][3] In native populations, exogamy might be detrimental if "the benefits of local adaptation are greater than the cost of inbreeding." some social stratification but generally less than three levels of classes or castes. Finally, the sexual competition argument points to the greater conflict among human males as compared to non-human primates. Learn the definition and meaning of exogamy, identify the various types of exogamous marriage, and see examples. Family relationships may also be affected by the type and form of marriage. What accounts for the allowance of first cousin marriage? What might explain why matrilocal societies generally lack substantial transactions to the grooms kin in contrast to considerable transactions to the wifes kin with patrilocality? In the diagram below, a circle stands for a female, a triangle for a male, and an equal sign for a marriage. Two or more men are married to one woman at the same time. Exogamy is the social norm of marrying outside one's social group. But more importantly, two women are likely to have twice as many mouths to feed and care for. patrilocal Extended family households are more likely in societies where. Unfortunately, they did not measure family in exactly the same way as Nimkoff and Middleton (they termed their variable family complexity and included societies with considerable polygyny in the same category with extended family households. Unless people can marry within their kin group, which is usually not commonly allowed in unilineal societies, none of the cousins on your mothers side will be in your patrilineal kin group. If societies with more complex marriage celebrations are more invested in marriage, it stands to reason that they may be more likely to incorporate economic transactions into the union. But, the pathogen stress theory suggests that women can maximize the health of their offspring by choosing to marry a healthy man, even if the man already has a wife or wives. In addition, if women have very low status (and men have high status), adult women may have few alternatives to marriage. Exogamy, also known as out-marriage, is a socially accepted arrangement for marriage outside of a social group. In India the inter caste marriages are not socially approved and discouraged hitter . 2016. Two families that are connected by at least one blood tie that form a single social and/or economic unit. Polyandry has two variations: formal and informal. The opposite of exogamy is endogamy. medieval Why? How do you pronounce that? And families vary in size and composition from a single-parent unit to very large multi-generation families and households. Quinlan, Robert J., and Marsha B. Quinlan. Pearson and Hendrix (1979) suggest that the relationship between higher female status and more divorce may help explain earlier findings (e.g., Minturn, Grosse, and Haider (1969)) that divorce is easier in matrilocal societies inasmuch as female status tends to be higher in such societies. Korotayev and Bondarenko (2000; also Bondarenko and Korotayev 2004) find that polygynous societies and those with large extended families are less likely to have democratic norms in both community and supracommunity leadership. if(typeof ez_ad_units!='undefined'){ez_ad_units.push([[300,600],'anthropologyreview_org-medrectangle-3','ezslot_10',615,'0','0'])};__ez_fad_position('div-gpt-ad-anthropologyreview_org-medrectangle-3-0');You might be thinking, Exo-what now? Dont worry, youre not alone. Therefore allowing some cousin marriage is not as problematic for overall reproduction of the group. And neither woman could likely provide game through hunting. Symmetrical cross-cousin marriage is somewhat more likely when economic transactions at marriage (such as bride price or dowry) are absent. High male mortality in warfare (M. Ember 1974, 1984). 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